<div dir="ltr"><div><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">The<span> </span></span><b style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial">talking drum</b><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>is an<span> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass_drum" title="Hourglass drum" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(11,0,128);background:none rgb(255,255,255);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">hourglass-shaped drum</a><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>from<span> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(11,0,128);background:none rgb(255,255,255);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">West Africa</a><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">, whose pitch can be regulated to mimic the<span> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(11,0,128);background:none rgb(255,255,255);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">tone</a> <span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">and<span> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(11,0,128);background:none rgb(255,255,255);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">prosody</a><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>of human speech. It has two<span> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhead" title="Drumhead" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(11,0,128);background:none rgb(255,255,255);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">drumheads</a><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>connected by leather tension cords, which allow the player to modulate the<span> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(11,0,128);background:none rgb(255,255,255);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">pitch</a><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>of the drum by squeezing the cords between their arm and body. A skilled player is able to play whole phrases. Most talking drums sound like a human humming depending on the way they are played. Similar hourglass-shaped drums are found in<span> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(11,0,128);background:none rgb(255,255,255);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">Asia</a><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">, but they are not used to mimic speech, although the<span> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idakka" title="Idakka" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(11,0,128);background:none rgb(255,255,255);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">idakka</a><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>is used to mimic vocal music.</span><br></div><div><br></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum</a><br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br clear="all"><div><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">Emőke Bada</span><br style="color:rgb(102,102,102)"><div style="text-align:left;color:rgb(102,102,102)"><a href="http://emoke.org" target="_blank">emoke.org</a><br></div></div></div>
<br><div class="gmail_quote">On 29 April 2018 at 11:21, János Sugár <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sj@c3.hu" target="_blank">sj@c3.hu</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><u></u>
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<div>In the forests of the Amazon, West Africa, and Asia, villagers
often beat on large drums to send messages miles away. While you may
think that the patterns are similar to Morse Code, they're actually
simplified versions of the villagers' spoken languages</div>
<div><br></div>
<div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Hb2k03srs0" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?<wbr>v=_Hb2k03srs0</a></div>
<div><br></div>
<div>The intervals between beats changed in length depending on the
sounds that followed each vowel. If a sound segment consisted of just
one vowel, the time after the beat was quite short. But if that vowel
was followed by a consonant, the time after the beat went up an
average of 80 milliseconds. Two vowels followed by a consonant added
another 40 milliseconds. And a vowel followed by two consonants added
a final 30 milliseconds.<br>
</div>
<div>These short durations are enough to distinguish the drummed
messages for "go fishing" and "bring firewood," which are
identical in tone, but not in their ordering of consonants and vowels.
That means, the researchers write, that rhythm plays a crucial
expressive role in drummed languages.<br>
</div>
<div><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/if-you-listen-closely-drumbea" target="_blank">http://www.sciencemag.org/<wbr>news/2018/04/if-you-listen-<wbr>closely-drumbea</a><span></span>ts-amazonian-<wbr>tribes-sound-human-speech</div>
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